Speaker for Humanity

"I see," Human said, "they were part of the tribe. From the sky, but we made them brothers and tried to make them fathers. The tribe is whatever we believe it is. If we say the tribe is all the Little Ones in the forest, and all the trees, then that is what the tribe is. Even though some of the oldest trees here came from warriors of two different tribes, fallen in battle. We become one tribe because we say we're one tribe." (Orson Scott Card, Speaker for the Dead)

The books in the Ender series following the Bugger Wars and Ender's "Xenocide" portray humanity's journey to understand the "other." In the Ender series, that "other" is first the Buggers, and then the piggies; however, its lessons are applicable to humanity. We live in a time with great angst toward the "other," be they Islamic Jihadists, American conservatives, North Korean communists, or Iranian dictators. At the end of Ender in Exile, Ender reincarnates himself as the Speaker for the Dead by being the only person who understands the Buggers, and thus can transform his perception of them from aliens to a species comprehensible to humans. In learning that the Buggers never meant to destroy humanity, that they merely lacked the means to communicate, and that they were as emotionally, psychologically, and morally complex as humans, Ender made humans see the Buggers as "them." Of course, this conversion meant Ender was now a murderer--more specifically the "Xenocide"--and he became hated as the one who had destroyed a whole culture of humanoid beings. This inspires one to wonder: if Ender can make humans love aliens, will humans ever learn to love each other?

In the Ender books, Demosthenes writes about four classes of "others." "The first is the otherlander, the stranger we recognize as being a human of our world, but of another city or country. The second is the framling, the stranger we recognize as human, but of another world. The third is the raman, the stranger that we recognize as human, but of another species. The fourth is the true alien, the varelse, which includes all the animals, for with them no conversation is possible. They live but we cannot guess what purposes or causes make them act." During the Bugger wars the Buggers were seen as varelse, because the humans were unable to communicate with them; however, once Ender published the "Hive Queen" they gradually became perceived as raman. In Speaker for the Dead the piggies are quickly recognized as raman, in an effort to not repeat the mistakes of Ender and his fellow Battle School warriors. When the piggies kill two humans, there are those who wonder if this recasts them as varelse because their actions are no longer understood and are interpreted as hostile. However, the coming of Ender to Lusitania, and his unique ability to speak with the piggies, leads to the comprehension that they killed the two humans to honor them, and aid their passage to the Third Life. This results in a new understanding of the piggies, and their transformation to not only raman, but in the minds of some humans framling. The common denominator between each metamorphosis is the mutual understanding of both species.

For humanity the implication is that if we could just understand our fellow otherlanders we would be able to live in peace. But are our fellow earthlings even otherlanders? In some cases yes, such as the instances of those from different cultures but with a similar shared history, belief system, and language. However, it is hard to imagine westerners as viewing fundamental Muslims and militaristic North Koreans as otherlanders; in fact they are more likely to be classified as raman, and in extreme cases (especially by neo-conservatives) as varelse. In fact is this not part of the message behind labeling Iraq, Iran, and North Korea as members of the "Axis of Evil?" Yes, their actions are often seen as hostile to the western way of life (and very likely are), but if no true effort is ever made to communicate with them, and understand and feel their needs, can there ever be hope for a peaceful existence?

Another modern example is the conflict between the Jews and Muslims in the Holy Land. Throughout history, both sides--and for many years with the Christians as a third competitor--have been at odds with each other religiously and geographically over control of the most holiest of places on earth. Over time trade and communication have broken down and hostility has increased, until neither side recognizes the other as human, but first framling, then raman, and ultimately varlese. One only has to listen to the views of extremists of either creed to recognize that there is little appreciation of the other as otherlander, let alone human. It is easy for us now to study how this came to be. But does that mean we can reverse history, and create a place where both cultures can live in union? If we take Speaker as our guide, this would require someone to internalize the beliefs, desires, and needs of both sides, and share this with the world; in other words, we would need a Speaker for Humanity.

There is yet another layer in Speaker that is peeled back when Ender is finalizing the treaty between the humans and the piggies. It is the piggies belief that the other piggies were solely there to be killed, and to be slaves to the winning tribe in their Third Life. This is all the piggies have known, and to challenge that idea was as shocking to Human as if someone seriously suggested to me that I should die so I could become a tree and enter my Third Life. The human parallel is of course our relation to our other tribes, whether they be other families, other cultures, or other countries. Although these distinctions do not always lead to physical war in the 21st century as often as they have in past ages, they still bring about economic or philosophical competition. As a society, we compete against other countries for resources, and see foreigners who enter our country as taking what is rightfully "ours."

Through the instinctively knowledgeable character Ender, Orson Scott Card proposes that the solution is to re-think our classification of our fellow humans. First, he illustrates how we can transmogrify from varelse to raman to framling to otherlander; as the plot of the book finally unravels, he also demonstrates how to go from otherlander to a place where no distinction is needed. During his conversation with Human, Ender directs Human to recognize that what separates "us" from "them" is simply the act of using the word "them."

Perhaps this is an oversimplification of the problem, and perhaps it is wrong to draw such strong parallels from a work of science fiction, but is not all literature reflective of humanity, and over time, does not humanity internalize the common messages in literature? Fiction though it is, if Ender can teach humans to love the Buggers, a species they once feared so much that they united and focused all their resources towards defeating them, is it impossible to hope that there might someday be someone who can teach us about each other? After all, as Human eventually realized, people are only of another tribe because we say they are from another tribe. What we happen if we started to just say "us?"